| 项目 | 内容 |
|---|
| 题型 | Discuss Both Views（讨论类） |
| 话题 | 环境类 - 责任归属 |
| 关键词 | environmental protection, responsibility, governments, individuals |
| 考察能力 | 分析责任分配，展现辩证思维 |
【开头段】
├── 背景：environmental degradation is pressing
├── 引出争议：who bears responsibility
├── 立场：both essential, governments lead
└── 预告：complementary roles
【主体段1 - 政府责任】
├── 引出：Those who emphasise...point to
├── 论点：systemic nature of problems
├── 证据：industrial processes, infrastructure, market failures
├── 政府权力：regulate, set standards, invest, enforce, coordinate
└── 小结：without this, individual efforts insufficient
【主体段2 - 个人责任】
├── 转折：On the other hand
├── 论点：collective change begins with personal choices
├── 具体行为：reducing, recycling, using, supporting, eating
├── 升华：cultural change, social norms
└── 连接：regulations need public compliance
【主体段3 - 个人观点】
├── 立场：complementary rather than competing
├── 政府角色：create framework
├── 个人角色：operate within framework
├── 对比论证：neither can succeed alone
└── 总结：top-down + bottom-up in tandem
【结尾段】
├── 批评：false dichotomy
├── 方案：comprehensive approach
└── 升华：protecting it is everyone's job
| 词汇/短语 | 含义 | 用法示例 |
|---|
| systemic | 系统性的 | systemic nature of environmental problems |
| market failures | 市场失灵 | result from market failures |
| scattered and insufficient | 分散且不足的 | individual efforts remain scattered |
| public compliance | 公众遵守 | regulations depend on public compliance |
| false dichotomy | 虚假二分法 | is a false dichotomy |
| top-down / bottom-up | 自上而下/自下而上 | top-down regulation and bottom-up change |
| working in tandem | 协同工作 | working in tandem |
| citizen buy-in | 公民支持/认同 | without citizen buy-in |
这些表达可以用于其他责任归属类话题：
| 原句 | 可迁移到 |
|---|
| "systemic problems require systemic solutions" | 医疗、教育、贫困等社会问题 |
| "only governments possess the power to..." | 任何需要政府干预的话题 |
| "create market pressure that influences corporate behaviour" | 消费者权力、企业责任话题 |
| "cultural change starts with individuals" | 社会变革、观念转变话题 |
| "create the framework that makes X easier and more convenient" | 政府如何促进行为改变 |
